![]() In the second example, we coupled the deterministic SPH method with the stochastic Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) method to study the effect of surface grafting on the hydrodynamics properties on the surface. ![]() In the first example, a Couette flow was simulated using two concurrently coupled Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of different spatial resolutions. In the publication referenced below, the library is validated by solving three different multiscale type problems, which also serve to demonstrate the flexibility of the framework in handling heterogeneous models and solvers associated with multiphysics problems. Template metaprogramming is heavily employed to simultaneously improve runtime performance and code flexibility. The library integrates MPI MPMD support and an asynchronous communication protocol to handle inter-solver information exchange irrespective of the solvers’ own MPI awareness. A data sampler concept is introduced, combined with a hybrid dynamic/static typing mechanism, to create an easily customizable framework for solver-independent data interpretation. The library adopts a header-only form with minimal external dependency and hence can be easily dropped into existing codes. Here we present the Multiscale Universal Interface (MUI), which is capable of facilitating the coupling effort for a wide range of simulation types. ![]() However, major modifications to existing codes are often required to enable such simulations, posing significant difficulties in practice. Concurrently coupled numerical simulations using heterogeneous solvers are powerful tools for modeling both multiscale and multiphysics phenomena.
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